Distanciamiento Social*

Agamben, distanciamiento social
* Esta traducción del texto de G. Agamben nos fue autorizada hoy mismo por quodlibet.it, editorial y blog italianos de Agamben y grandes autores de la misma. Agradecemos mucho este derecho y estaremos traduciendo lo que consideremos relevante.

No sabemos dónde nos espera la muerte, esperémosla por doquier. La meditación sobre la muerte es meditación sobre la libertad. Quien haya aprendido a morir, ha des-aprendido a servir. Saber morir nos libera de cualquier sugestión y de toda restricción.

Michel de Montaigne

A partir de la historia se nos ha enseñado que cada fenómeno social ha tenido, o puede tener, implicaciones políticas, por lo que resulta oportuno examinar atentamente el nuevo concepto que ha ingresado hoy en el léxico político de Occidente: “distanciamiento social”. Si bien el término se ha producido como un eufemismo de frente a la crudeza del término “confinamiento” utilizado hasta ahora, resulta apremiante preguntarse: cómo sería un orden político que se fundase en dicho término. Esto es tanto más urgente, cuanto no se trata únicamente de una hipótesis meramente teórica, si acaso es verdad, como se comienza a decir por doquier, que la actual emergencia sanitaria puede considerarse como un laboratorio donde se preparan nuevas estructuras políticas y sociales que esperan a la humanidad.

Como sucede siempre, aunque existan los tontos que sugieren que tal situación puede ser considerada ciertamente desde una óptica positiva; y que las nuevas tecnologías digitales permiten, desde hace tiempo, comunicarse felizmente a distancia, no creo que una comunidad fundada sobre el “distanciamiento social” sea habitable en sentido humano y político. En todo caso, sea cual sea la perspectiva, me parece que éste es el tema a reflexionar. Una consideración inicial concierne la naturaleza verdaderamente singular del fenómeno producido con las medidadas del “distanciamiento social”. Canetti, en aquella obra maestra llamada Masa y poder, define la masa sobre la cual se funda el poder a través de la inversión del miedo a ser tocado. Mientras los hombres generalmente temen ser tocados por un extraño, y mientras todas las distancias que los hombres instituyen a su alrededor nacen de dicho temor, la masa representa una situación única, donde tal miedo se torna en su contrario.

<<Tan solo en la masa, el hombre puede redimirse del temor a ser tocado…En el momento en que se abandona a la masa, no teme más a ser tocado…Ninguno que se aproxime es igual a nosotros, lo sentimos como si nos sintiéramos a nosotros mismos. De repente, es como si todo acaeciese al interior de un cuerpo único… Dicha inversión del miedo a ser tocado es peculiar a la masa. El alivio que se extiende en ella alcanza una medida tanto más evidente cuanto más densa sea, justamente, la masa.>>

No sé qué habrá pensado Canetti en torno a la nueva fenomenología de masa que tenemos de frente: aquello que han creado las medidas de distanciamiento social y el pánico es, ciertamente, una masa – pero una masa, por decirlo así, invertida, formada por individuos que se distancian entre si a cualquier costo. Una masa que no es densa, y que está, por ende, enrarecida y, no obstante, sigue siendo una masa; si acaso, como precisa Canetti poco después, ella se define por su carácter compacto y su pasividad, en el sentido de que << un movimiento verdaderamente libre no sería posible de ninguna manera…ella espera un líder, que le será mostrado.>>

Algunas páginas después, Canetti describe la masa formada a través de un interdicto, <<en donde muchas personas reunidas desean no hacer más que aquello que han hecho individualmente hasta tal momento. El interdicto es repentino: se lo imponen a si mismos…en cualquier caso, esto sucede con máxima fuerza. Es categórico como una orden; por ello, el carácter negativo es, empero, decisivo.>>

Es importante que no se nos escape el hecho de que una comunidad fundada sobre el distanciamiento social no tendría qué hacer, como se podría creer ingenuamente en un individualismo llevado hasta el extremo: ésta sería, más bien, como aquello que vemos hoy en torno a nosotros, una masa enrarecida y fundada sobre una prohibición, pero, precisamente por ello, particularmente compacta y pasiva.  

6 abril de 2020
Giorgio Agamben


The memes-ography of a laughing society

From a niche phenomenon memes have become one of the main vehicules of communicating information in our current network society. This for a good reason. Memes deliver in a compact visual format a great amount of information. This is due to their indexing function. They incapsulate in this tiny format political, societal, and cultural movements, that immediately spring to mind when one sees a certain type of meme. Their indexing function is extended by their humoristic character. Information is usually presented in a way that prompts us to at least blow air through our noses in a timid bodily manifestation of laughter. This combination of visual indexing and humoristic delivery of information seems to be viral. It infects each and any one of us changing the way we see information. Why do we get so infected by them?

Humor?

The visual aspect has on the one side a major impact on the delivery of information, being able to pack in an image the entire context of its production. The humor dimension of memes allows the receiver on the other side to absorb this information without suffering its full tension and impact. Let me expand.

There are three basic theories of humor: the relief, the superiority, and the incongruity theory (see Barber, 2017). The relief theory states that we laugh when we release built up tension prompted by some unexpected or unusual situation.

The superiority theory argues that laughter is based on our competitive tendencies that urge us to manifest ourselves as superior towards others. According to this theory Jokes diminish the authority of other people and allow us to feel superior.

The incongruity theory describes humor and laughter as the result of unexpected results. Similar to the relief theory it holds humor to be the transition from a tense to a more relaxed state. The incongruity theory however also holds that this transition has epistemological values: it allows us to approach certain situations with a certain epistemic felxibility, with a certain openness. For this reason, humor has often been considered a healthy attitude in life – which I also believe.

All three together

Memes are all three of these theories. They help us relief tension mediated by comical images. Hence the gesture of blowing out air through our noses. They present information in unexpected ways and help us to approach that certain information in a flaxible, playful manner. By releasing tension and helping us adopt a relaxed state they also weaken the impact a certain information might have. They thus may make us feel superior to that information or situation. For these reasons, humor often allows us to approach information with a certain distance, with a certain feeling of safety. This feeling of safety then makes it easier to deal psychologically and epistemically with a certain situation, that might otherwise be stressful. This is all good and well on a personal, individual level, within small interacting communities.

The flipside

Humor however also has a flipside. It gives us the space to distance ourselves from issues that do not concern us, it allows us to marginalize suffering. Humor – and memes especially – determine a topography of distance, a geography of foreign events. It allows us to become aware of a certain situation and then laugh it away to some distant corner of society, letting others deal with it. This has been the case with the recent COVID-19 crisis°.

Wihlst COVID-19 was an exotic new virus, isolated somewhere in China, memes were mostly ironic jokes about Chinese culinary preferences, about real life videogame scenarios, about desperate people wearing huge water bottles on their heads in order to protect themselves from the virus. And then, out of nowhere – just like the virus – this meme appeared (along with some other variations):

Imagini pentru me realizing corona is in my country meme

The exotic, distant crisis was slowly closing in on everyone. By doing so it eliminated the possibility of laughing the virus away to some distant corner of the world. The pandemic forced us to acknowledge it and in that forceful impact change occured. People started changing their behaviour. They startet using memes as vehicules of solidarity, as images of awarness and helpful advice. In that fleeting transition from laughter to impact and back again, change was needed and true epistemic, anthropological, social, political flexibility seemed imminent and possible. Now is indeed the time for action and change, for responsibility and solidarity. But it is also for critical assesment and not just for laughter. In coping with the impact and its productive acceptance memes however can help. They can also spread the word on what is to be done.

The darkside

Their darkside is still present though. Eventhough the pandemic has eliminated the possibility of geographical marginalization, it has also brought to light the deeper and darker dimensions of our society. It shows political, ethical, race and clase marginalization.

Memes (not all) make fun of the desperate racing to buy toilet paper. They ridicule the poor that do not afford days off or a medical check. Memes shame the uneducated that do not understand the severity of the situation. They also blame the elderly or the weak that are the only ones at risk. In doing so memes allow some to laugh their worries away to some marginal place of their social hierarchy. This makes them feel good, superior, safe, and release tension. In the midst of this pandemic, let us not marginalize risk groups or any other group through cheap humor and irony. Let us on the contrary be responsible and solidary and distance ourselves socially so that we can be closer to those in need.

  • Barber, M. (2017) / Religion and Humor as Emancipating Provinces of Meaning, Springer.
  • ° see also Empty buses